Portland State University's Class of 2025 celebrated its commencement ceremonies this past weekend, and we'd like to take a moment to highlight two graduates of the Toulan School of Urban Studies & Planning who devoted their time at PSU to improving the accessibility of transportation services. 

Minju Song and Jules Plotts each focused their graduate studies on addressing transportation challenges for particular communities: Song's PhD dissertation examined ride-hailing as a potential solution for older adults who can no longer drive, and Plotts' masters thesis focused on non-daytime shift workers and their access to transit. TREC is proud to congratulate both of these outstanding grads, and looking forward to seeing their next chapter!

Jules Mai Plotts received her masters in Urban Studies, and is now doing a regional planning internship at Metro. She hopes her future career will make an impact on climate and equity. Connect with Jules on LinkedIn

Minju Song (nee Kim) received her PhD in Urban Studies, and is now looking for research or planning roles where she can continue working on transportation equity and accessibility. Connect with Minju on LinkedIn

Learn more about each of these two outstanding grads below.

Jules Mai Plotts

Thesis: Geography of Non-Daytime Work and Employer-Centered Transit Accessibility 
Data Dashboard: Nightshift Transit Explorer

As a Masters student in Urban Studies, with a focus on applied research in transportation, Jules developed a keen interest in the role data plays in improving transportation equity. For her thesis she modeled network accessibility to shift-work-related jobs by nighttime/off-peak transit using data from General Transit Feed Specifications (GTFS) and Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LEHD). 

She also created a dashboard, the Nightshift Transit Explorer, that lets users visualize case studies on a map and see the locations of large employers and their workforces. This type of tool could help transit agencies or large employers develop predictive scheduling or add new routes where they are most needed. For example, a large employer in an isolated industrial area would require different solutions from a clustering of small food service employers along an established transit corridor.

People with these hours work in a variety of industries including transportation, warehousing, food service, and healthcare, yet many transportation models focus on "peak" commute times based on a 9-5 office work schedule. Experiencing evening shift work firsthand inspired Plotts to adopt this research topic.

"I used to work out in Beaverton at a restaurant. I would get out late, and my commute back via transit was sometimes good, and sometimes just terrible. It wasn't very far—maybe ten minutes by car—but it would be over an hour sometimes, just to get back. I remember this very clearly: once I missed my transfer bus, so I was kind of stranded waiting for the next one. I remember this guy with an orange vest, he looked like he had come from a construction site. He was like, 'Yeah, they don't really make these schedules for us.' So this is clearly a problem that not just restaurant workers have, but other people, too," Plotts said.

Her thesis looked at the geography of non-daytime work and then modeled transit accessibility. Unlike traditional models that start from home locations, this approach starts from the job site to ask: Who can reach this job by transit—and when? 

"Lower wage workers tend to work different shifts. And so a peak hour analysis might not be the best to meet their needs," Plotts said.

Minju Song

Dissertation: Is Ride-Hailing a Potential Solution for Older Adults After Driving Cessation? The Role of Objective and Perceived Accessibility

Minju Song received a PhD in Urban Studies as well as a graduate certificate program from the PSU Institute on Aging. She received a Master's degree in Transportation Studies from Seoul National University and studied in Urban Planning for Bachelor from Chung-Ang University from South Korea. 

Her doctoral research focused on alternative transportation options for older adults, particularly after they stop driving. With services like Uber and Lyft becoming common, Song wanted to understand whether these new transportation options could actually work for older adults. Her research looked at this from both angles—analyzing the quantitative data about neighborhoods and transit infrastructure, and listening to real stories from older adults about their experiences and opinions about ride-hailing. Her work explored the gap between objective accessibility and perceived accessibility.

"I want to help make transportation systems more inclusive, especially for those often left out of planning decisions. Right now, a lot of transportation systems are designed assuming everyone can drive and has easy access to everything. But what about older adults who can't drive anymore? Or people who can't afford a car?" Song said.

Now that she has finished school, Song hopes to continue working on transportation equity and access. 

"Through my research, I've learned that small things—like how an app is designed or how older adults are introduced to new transportation options—can make a huge difference in someone's ability to get around. I hope to keep working on projects that prioritize actual users' needs, whether that's through research, policy, or direct community work," Song said.

Portland State University's Transportation Research and Education Center (TREC) is a multidisciplinary hub for all things transportation. We are home to the Initiative for Bicycle and Pedestrian Innovation (IBPI), the data programs PORTAL and BikePed Portal, the Better Block PSU program, and PSU's membership in PacTrans, the Pacific Northwest Transportation Consortium. Our continuing goal is to produce impactful research and tools for transportation decision makers, expand the diversity and capacity of the workforce, and engage students and professionals through education, seminars, and participation in research. To get updates about what's happening at TREC, sign up for our monthly newsletter or follow us on social media. 

A report by Portland State University (PSU) researchers offers an improved framework for assessing the seismic risk of transportation structures. Earthquake preparedness is a high priority for the Pacific Northwest, and cities and state agencies will benefit from having a more accurate and consistent way to prepare.

In collaboration with the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the researchers developed a method to manage bridges and tunnels using various data sources and rigorous risk definitions. Traditionally, decisions about retrofitting existing structures have been based on expert opinion, past experience, or limited data, which can be subjective and incomplete for the estimation of seismic risk. This new research developed an automated method, underpinned by scientific understanding on seismic hazard and structural fragility, to make risk assessments more accurate, consistent, and helpful for choosing which retrofitting interventions should be a priority. 

The research was sponsored by the FHWA Office of Bridges and Structures, and conducted by David Yang, Arash Khosravifar, and Diane Moug of PSU's Maseeh College of Engineering and Computer Science and Avinash Unnikrishnan at University of Alabama, Birmingham (former faculty at PSU) .

"Previously a lot of risk assessments were based on empirical assumptions or panel sessions where engineers sit together and try to evaluate what will be the hazard scenarios for our region, what are their frequencies, and what are the damage likelihood and extent to our transportation structures.. While this is useful, latest advances on earthquake engineering and  performance-based engineering can offer more reliable ways to assess risk," Yang said, “The challenge is how these latest advances can be incorporated into the asset management practice and bridge management systems (BMSs) used by transportation agencies. Our research aims to fill in this research gap.”

Existing BMSs use a table of expert-elicited hazard scenarios. Keeping the format of a risk table, the new method selects scenarios, evaluates likelihoods and consequences of scenarios, and weights their importance to overall risks, all based on well established information on hazard and structural characteristics from e.g., USGS and FEMA. This makes it more consistent and objective. 

WHO CAN USE THIS RESEARCH?

Who are the stakeholders for accurate seismic risk assessment? It encompasses many: communities at risk, structural engineers, insurance and reinsurance industries, and various federal, state, and local agencies, such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), ODOT, Portland Bureau of Transportation (PBOT), and state and local emergency management offices.

The framework developed by the team accounts for direct monetary impacts due to both deterioration and natural disasters, as well as for indirect impacts on the functionality of highway networks. This lets various stakeholders identify which bridges, tunnels, or routes pose the greatest risk to the system performance — and make smarter, more cost-effective decisions to keep people and transportation networks safe. 

The methods developed by the research team can handle large, complex networks and account for low-probability but high-impact events, and they outperform previous, more subjective approaches in both accuracy and robustness.

To facilitate application,  the model's source code is shared with FHWA and is accessible by agencies who wish to use it.

While this report focuses on earthquakes, the general theory can be adapted for other hazards as well, making it potentially useful for a wide variety of resilience efforts.

The report, "Framework and Methodology for Risk-Based Bridge and Tunnel Asset Management: Objective Risk Assessment and Network Level Evaluation," represents the first of a two-phase research project aimed at assessing and managing the condition and risk of bridges and tunnels. In the second phase, the research team will prepare a repository of risk tables for all the bridges in Oregon, creating a case study for the new method and helping ODOT to prioritize retrofits and repairs.

Portland State University's Transportation Research and Education Center (TREC) is a multidisciplinary hub for all things transportation. We are home to the Initiative for Bicycle and Pedestrian Innovation (IBPI), the data programs PORTAL and BikePed Portal, the Better Block PSU program, and PSU's membership in PacTrans, the Pacific Northwest Transportation Consortium. Our continuing goal is to produce impactful research and tools for transportation decision makers, expand the diversity and capacity of the workforce, and engage students and professionals through education, seminars, and participation in research. To get updates about what's happening at TREC, sign up for our monthly newsletter or follow us on social media. 

In his first public presentation at Portland State University (PSU) since returning to Portland, former U.S. Congressman Earl Blumenauer spoke with an audience of about fifty students, faculty, and community members on May 17 about transportation funding.

Drawing from years of government experience at all levels, Blumenauer outlined the funding challenges faced by transportation agencies in Oregon and beyond.

He started by referring to a saying that for every problem there is often an elegant solution that is wrong. Raising the gas tax, he said, is such an “elegant solution.” The impact of raising the gas tax is less significant now than it was 30 years ago. 

“Paying by gallons is no longer rational with electrification,” he pointed out, instead advocating for a road user charge. Road user charges, he argues, are more elegant, more fair, and can dramatically improve the driving experience. 

Blumenauer reminded the crowd that Oregon was the first state to adopt a gas tax, in 1919. Our state has been a pioneer in transportation innovation, and it may be time for us to once again lead by example.

Acknowledging that some road users have concerns about the privacy of their location data, Blumenauer emphasized the importance of letting people have control over their personal information and providing options for how to pay the user charges. Giving people information to make informed decisions is crucial, he said, so that members of the public understand why there is a need for an updated way to pay for infrastructure and what the options are.

A question-and-answer session with audience members followed the talk. Topics discussed included vehicle design, the costs and benefits of vehicle electrification, how freight factors into the funding discussion, and ways to support local roads.

Now that he's back in Portland, Blumenauer is serving as a Senior Fellow and Special Advisor to the Portland State University President and as a Presidential Fellow of the Institute of Portland Metropolitan Studies. He intends to bring his dedication and experience to bear on addressing the local and regional issues he cares passionately about, including transportation finance. IMS and TREC will be working together on the topic throughout the next academic year. 

Portland State University's Transportation Research and Education Center (TREC) is a multidisciplinary hub for all things transportation. We are home to the Initiative for Bicycle and Pedestrian Innovation (IBPI), the data programs PORTAL and BikePed Portal, the Better Block PSU program, and PSU's membership in PacTrans, the Pacific Northwest Transportation Consortium. Our continuing goal is to produce impactful research and tools for transportation decision makers, expand the diversity and capacity of the workforce, and engage students and professionals through education, seminars, and participation in research. To get updates about what's happening at TREC, sign up for our monthly newsletter or follow us on social media. 

Nick Foster graduated from Portland State University (PSU) in 2014 with a Master's of Science in civil engineering. He is now a Principal Planner at Kittelson & Associates in Boise, ID. The photo on the left shows a project Nick worked on in Boise. On the right, Nick and his daughter are watching the PSU’s women’s basketball team play in the Big Sky basketball tournament.

Connect with Nick on LinkedIn

What do you do in your current role, and what does a typical day look like? 

There’s a wide variety of things I get to do in my current role and no two days are the same! On the technical side, I work on a lot of safety and active transportation focused plans and concept designs. Outside of technical work, I have the opportunity to build relationships with clients and colleagues, develop and execute business strategy (including hiring!), mentor staff, and engage in professional organizations and conferences. During any given day, I’ll spend a little over half my time on project work and the rest of my time connecting with colleagues, working on proposals, talking to students interested in getting into the field, and doing all the other things it takes to make a business run!

How did your experience at PSU shape your path into the transportation field?

I worked at Kittelson for six years before coming to PSU. I came to PSU looking to hone my research skills, learn from professors who were leaders in their field, and take some time to explore technical topics I was interested in outside project work. I was able to use the skills and knowledge I gained from my time at PSU to continue on in safety and active transportation research projects, as well as to help the communities I work with advance their capabilities to safely serve all modes of travel.

What advice would you give to current students or recent grads interested in a career in transportation? 

It’s an incredibly multidisciplinary field that incorporates topics ranging from psychology to pavement design and geotechnical engineering. Take opportunities to gain exposure to all the different facets of the field as you move through schooling and begin your career. Whatever path you ultimately take in transportation, this foundation will make you a better professional. And don’t ever stop learning from others!

What’s one project or accomplishment you’re especially proud of in your career so far?

Building on some of the knowledge I gained from PSU, I’ve had the opportunity to work with local agencies here in Boise to create better infrastructure for people walking, biking, and driving, including planning for and designing the first raised bike lane through downtown Boise. We tried a lot of new things out in the design, so I was excited to see that it had worked out when I took my then 8-year old on it one day and she immediately lit up as we transitioned from a painted bike lane onto it. Oh, and while I have “planner” in my title, there is one set of constructed signing and striping plans out there that has my name on it!

This is an installment in a Transportation Alumni Highlight series, showcasing Portland State University (PSU) graduates who are making a difference in the world of transportation. 

Portland State University's Transportation Research and Education Center (TREC) is a multidisciplinary hub for all things transportation. We are home to the Initiative for Bicycle and Pedestrian Innovation (IBPI), the data programs PORTAL and BikePed Portal, the Better Block PSU program, and PSU's membership in PacTrans, the Pacific Northwest Transportation Consortium. Our continuing goal is to produce impactful research and tools for transportation decision makers, expand the diversity and capacity of the workforce, and engage students and professionals through education, seminars, and participation in research. To get updates about what's happening at TREC, sign up for our monthly newsletter or follow us on social media. 

The concept of e-bike lending libraries is simple: they allow people to borrow e-bikes – for a few hours or a few months. Borrowing lets people try e-bikes when they're not ready or able to commit to the expense of buying one. By getting people used to riding e-bikes for everyday trips, lending libraries make e-bikes more accessible, reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT), and advance city and state climate goals.

A new report, "E-bike Lending Libraries: Trends and Practices in The United States," offers a comprehensive scan of e-bike lending libraries across the U.S. Through interviews and surveys, researchers John MacArthur, Joshua Miller, and Isa Swain of Portland State University identified key elements, goals, commonalities and differences among 54 e-bike lending libraries in the United States. The research team also produced an online resource to keep track of them all: the U.S. E-Bike Lending Library Programs Tracker.

Surveys and case studies have demonstrated that e-bike lending programs can effectively shift travel behaviors, increase e-bike purchases, and build public awareness. Studies have also shown that e-bike users are more likely to replace car trips compared to traditional bike users. By integrating e-bikes into local transportation systems, cities can mitigate automobile congestion and improve overall urban mobility.

This study was led by MacArthur, who is TREC's Sustainable Transportation Program Manager, and supported by funding from the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT). Joshua Miller is a Master of Urban and Regional Planning (MURP) student, and Isa Swain is a third-year undergraduate student pursuing a B.S. in Public Health.

TO BUY OR TO BORROW?

The concept of a library that offers something other than books has been growing in popularity in recent years. Many traditional book libraries have begun to complement their services with the addition of a “tool library” or a “library of things” to provide the community with shared resources or assets. 

Some public book libraries even allow patrons to borrow bikes or e-bikes. However, a public book library that contains e-bikes in its catalog is not the only kind of system being considered in this report. While this system certainly can be effective, e-bike lending libraries are not exclusively being offered through existing public libraries. In the report, the authors define an e-bike lending library as any program or system that allows individuals to check out an e-bike for low to no cost for a period of time.

In addition to an overview of existing lending libraries, the report also offers a look at the current e-bike market in the U.S. and e-bike incentive programs. Sales of e-bikes outpaced electric cars and trucks in the past three years, and e-bikes now represent approximately 20% of the bicycle market. Incentive programs provide financial assistance to people who want to purchase e-bikes, and pairing a lending library with an incentive program can be an effective means of outreach and encouragement

MacArthur led a separate project in 2022 to create an online e-bike incentive programs tracker, which is soon to be updated.

THREE MAIN TYPES OF LENDING LIBRARIES

Of the 54 programs they scanned, the researchers found that they tended to operate under one of three main models: community resource libraries, ride-to-purchase programs, and long-term access programs.

Community resource libraries prioritize providing free or low-cost e-bikes as shared transportation assets, often targeting underserved populations.

Ride-to-purchase programs focus on encouraging eventual e-bike purchases, by offering users the chance to test various models and explore financial incentives, such as rebates.

Long-term access programs, often subsidized by grants, lease e-bikes at below-market rates to community members, enabling them to integrate e-bikes into their daily routines over extended periods of time.

Community resource programs were the most common, with 28 of the 54 lending libraries built on this model. 

E-BIKE LENDING LIBRARY GOALS

E-bike lending libraries are designed to achieve six overarching goals: sustainability, equity, ownership, utility, recreation, and economic vitality. Most programs address multiple goals, with sustainability, equity, and ownership being the most prevalent. 

The goals of each program shape how e-bike lending libraries are designed and carried out. Programs focused on sustainability aim to cut greenhouse gas emissions by promoting e-bikes as a clean, zero-emission way to travel. Equity-driven programs work to improve access for low-income and underserved communities, helping to remove transportation barriers. Ownership-focused programs let people borrow e-bikes over time to reduce cost and knowledge gaps, with the goal of eventually supporting personal e-bike ownership. Other programs aim to promote the use of e-bikes for recreation, utility (like running errands or cargo delivery), and economic vitality by supporting tourism and local businesses.

The report offers a much more in-depth discussion of how lending libraries set and achieve these goals, as well as examples of different approaches to administration and funding. As e-bike lending library programs are becoming more popular, communities across the country are looking for ways to fund these programs. Out of the 54 lending libraries found in the scan, the researchers were able to determine funding for 43 libraries. Thirty-six (36) libraries received funding from a grant, and five received funding from donations. The rest received funding from sponsorships or private funds. 

Community organizations interested in forming a new e-bike lending library, or growing an existing one, will find a wealth of resources and insights in the report.

Learn more about the project: E-bike Lending Libraries: Trends and Practices in the United States.

Photo by Forth

Portland State University's Transportation Research and Education Center (TREC) is a multidisciplinary hub for all things transportation. We are home to the Initiative for Bicycle and Pedestrian Innovation (IBPI), the data programs PORTAL and BikePed Portal, the Better Block PSU program, and PSU's membership in PacTrans, the Pacific Northwest Transportation Consortium. Our continuing goal is to produce impactful research and tools for transportation decision makers, expand the diversity and capacity of the workforce, and engage students and professionals through education, seminars, and participation in research. To get updates about what's happening at TREC, sign up for our monthly newsletter or follow us on social media.